Friday, March 14, 2014



                                                 No god but gold
           
On Montezuma’s death, his brother, Cuitalahua, Lord of Iztapalapan…was chosen to succeed him. He was an active prince, of large experience in military affairs, and, by the strength of his character, was well fitted to sustain the tottering fortunes of the monarchy. Unlike his predecessor, he held the white men in detestation… (his) government sent a deputation to its ancient enemies, the Tlascalans. It consisted of six Aztec nobles…before this body; the Aztecs stated the purpose of their mission. They invited the Tlascalans to bury all past grievances in oblivion, and to enter into a treaty with them. All the nations of Anahuac should make common cause in defense of their country against the white men…they conjured them, by their reverence for their common religion, not to suffer the white men, disabled as they now were to escape from their hands, but to sacrifice them at once to the gods; whose temples they had profaned.
Xicotencatl was for embracing them at once. Far better was it, he said, to unite with their kindred, with those who held their own language, their faith and usages, than to throw themselves into the arms of the fierce strangers, who, however they might talk of religion, worshipped no god but gold.
--History of the Conquest of Mexico. William H. Prescott.
                                                 
                                                                                                    


             Educación del cacique
Lautaro era una flecha delgada.
Elástico y azul fué nuestro padre.
Fué su primera edad solo silencio.
Su adolescenencia fué dominio.
Su juventud fué un viento dirigido.
Se preparaó como una larga lanza.
Acostumbró los pies en las cascadas.
Educó la cabeza en las espinas.
Ejecutó las pruebas del guanaco.
Vivió en las madrigueras de la nieve.
Acechó la comida de las águilas.
Araño los secretos del peñasco.
Entretuvo los pétalos del fuego.
Se amamantó de primavera fría.
Se quemó en las gargantas infernales.
Fué cazador entre las aves crueles.
Se tiñeron sus mantos de victories.
Leyó las agresiones de la noche.
Sostuvo los derunbes del azufre.

Se hizo velocidad, luz repentina.

Tomó las lentitudes del Otoño.
Trabajó en las guaridas invisibles.
Durmió en las sábanas del ventisquero.
Igualó la conducta de las flechas.
Bebió la sangre agreste en los caminos.
Arrebató el tesoro de las olas.
Se hizo amenaza como un dios sombrió.
Comió en cada cocina de su pueblo.
Aprendió el alfabeto del relámpago.
Olfateó las cenizas esparcidas.
Envolvió el corazón con pieles negras.
Descifró el espiral hilo del humo.
Se construyó de fibras taciturnas.
Se aceitó como el alma de la oliva.
Se hizo crystal de transparencia dura.

Estudió para viento huracanado.
Se combatió hasta apagar la sangre.


Sólo entonces fué digno de su pueblo.


Thursday, March 13, 2014

 On June 5, 2009, in Bagua, Peru, 23 members of the Peruvian Na tional Police and 10 indigenous protestors were confirmed dead, but purportedly more than 40 indigenous protesters killed in some of the worst violence in Peru's recent history. The conflict erupted following Peruvian president Alan García’s attempt to sell tribal lands to oil, gas, mining, and forestry interests in an effort to expand the Peruvian economy and open resource- rich lands to private development by national and multinational firms. The backlash that the García administration has faced underscores the tension that has been created by the alleged unauthorized appropriation of tribal lands by the Peruvian government without regards for the rights, culture, and environment of the indigenous people who have inhabited these lands for centuries.


 The Incas, who originated in Peru, are considered far ahead of their time in fields such as astronomy, anatomy, architecture, and many other disciplines. Along with these achievements, they followed an advanced system of property ownership derived from pre-Inca civilizations called ayllus, a Quechua word that literally translates to “extended family.” By using this system, the central Inca empire was able to provide land ownership to its subjects and allow them to solve sustenance issues on their
own without reliance on the central Inca government. In essence, this system gave citizens legal entitlement to their lands and the ability to pass their lands on to future generations. This system lasted until the Spanish made their notorious appearance in the 16th Century.
With the defeat of the Incan Empire at the hands of Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish conquistador, a major change was in store for the indigenous peoples of Peru and those who inhabited other lands ap- propriated by the Spanish crown. In place of the

ayllu system, which favored a high degree of autonomy, the Spanish installed a peonage system that lasted from the 1500s into the 20th Century. Spanish landlords commanded under a hacienda structure, in which campesinos essentially worked as slaves of their landlord with little or no pay, were not allowed to organize community activities, nor permitted to travel outside.

-- Indigenous Land Rights and Development in the Peruvian Amazon: Communalism versus Capitalism. Timothy Marti.

http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/noticias/act2360297/amazonia-ano-baguazo-ley-selva.html

        

    Copper is everywhere. The statue of liberty is basically made of it. There’s some in our pockets. Buildings have it everywhere; it’s practically the muscular system of them. There’s even an emerging market in extracting copper wires for profit in practically every major US city. But what is it exactly? The answer, ripped fresh off my Oxford dictionary of Chemsitry, below. 

            Copper- A red-brown transition element. Copper has been extracted for thousands of years; it was known to the Romans as cuprum, a name linked with the conductor of heat and electricity. Native copper appears in isolated pockets in some parts of the world. The large mines in the USA, Chile, Canada, Zambia, Congo, and Peru extract ores containing sulphides, oxides, and carbonates. They are usually worked by smelting, leaching, and electrolysis. Copper metal is used to make electric cables and wires. Its alloys, brass (copper-zinc) and bronze (copper-tin), are used extensively.


By the way, where is Chile? And why is it important? 
 

Chile
                                                Mine production: 5.37 million tonnes
Chile has consistently blown other countries away in terms of copper production. According to the Inter Press Service, it controls 36 percent of the global copper market.
The nation is also home to the largest copper reserves in the world. According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), it has reserves of 190 million tonnes, which is 28 percent of known copper reserves in existence.
Owned by the Chilean government, CODELCO leads copper production in the country. It produced 385,000 tonnes of the commodity during the first quarter of 2013.
Copper constitutes more than more than 50 percent of Chile's exports. Spending by miners is so high that for each mining job created, three are generated elsewhere, says Mining Minister Hernán de Solminihac.





Santiago's (national capital of Chile) steady economic growth over the past few decades has transformed it into a modern metropolis.

A shining example of how mining can lift a country from poverty is Chile.


What does it have to do with this country, the USA?




Thousands of Amazonian Indians were enslaved and killed during the 19th century Brazilian rubber boom.


With the man second from the left, the photo seemingly splinters from the realm of reality and dives into something out of a surrealist painting. The face is as inscrutable as the fate of these peoples from that of the greatest rainforest that has ever graced this very ancient world.

“Here, in this world, we travel by a very narrow, steep, and dangerous road, which is a lofty mountain ridge, on whose top passes a narrow path; on either side is a great gulf without bottom, and, if you deviate from the path, you will fall into it. There is need, therefore, of much discretion in pursuing the road.” - Grandmother's advice to their Aztec daughters--Colonial Period

“Aquí, afuera, todo afuera nos proteja dios, pero allí cuando entramos la mina, el Diablo dice que Dios no pueda entrar allí en la mina."- Bolivian Miner- 21st Century

Here, outside, God protects us, but when we enter the mine, the devil says God can’t come into the mine.

Caupolicán-16th Century Mapuche military leader was executed by Spanish Conquistadors via vertical impalement, whose manner is seen above. Mapuche is a collective term for various groups of pre-colombus inhabitants located in southern Chile and southwestern Argentina.